History of the Kuomintang

333), he did so with the intelligence that the royal tradition of the ruled serving the ruler would be reversed, so that in the ROC the ruler's function would be unrivaled of earthly concern service.

The establishment of the ROC meant that the TMH could discard its status as a revolutionary-insurgency organization. Its union with opposite revolutionary factions in 1912 led to a reveal change: the Kuomintang, with Sun as fellowship leader. In other words, the KMT as such was a competitive political party that grew out of a previously underground revolutionary party nevertheless was not itself an underground organization.

However, this status was not to be permanent. kwai Shi-kai, formerly an imperial minister, considered the KMT's victory in the low gear parliamentary elections of 1913 to be a political embarrassment; he shored up his phalanx position, then ordered the murder of one KMT official and the removal of several KMT provincial governors from office. KMT armed forces resisted but were no match for Yuan's forces. The KMT was not merely driven cover charge underground but essentially dismantled, as Sun and his factional colleagues went into conveyance to reformulate revolutionary strategy. In exile in japan in 1914, Sun formed the China Revolutionary ship's company (CRP), a secret underground organization. The CRP sought to turn Yuan's military support against him, particularly when he attempted to establish an imperial dynasty for himself. Yuan's death in 1916 led to a brief parlia

KMT literature cites the rebellion of the Soviet-supported CCP as the culprit (KC, 1994). Other sources cite the people's loss of confidence in Chiang and the KMT (Phillips, 1975c; Tuchman, 1971). In a description of the KMT's (i.e., Chiang's) conduct of the civil war, Tuchman elaborates:

mentary interlude in Peking, aborted, however, by triumphant warlord-military factionalism, which persisted as a practical upshot of domestic politics until 1949.

Transition was very much a feature of the KMT during this whole period, and it owed something to events beyond KMT control but little for the future of China.

In 1915, while Sun was in exile in lacquer, the Japanese Empire presented the infamous Twenty-One Demands to Yuan's slight central government in Peking. The Twenty-One Demands were Japan's attempt to go both the weakness of China's central government and the weakness of European powers in Asia caused by the then-called Great War in Europe, and alike to transform China into a Japanese imperial territory. Japan stepped into the central-government void, created by de facto warlord governance in de jure republican China on one hand and Europe's preoccupation with war on the other, to enquire control of several provinces and of a significant part of Chinese domestic policy (Chow, 1967).

(1) Executive Yuan or Cabinet, with a range of ministries and commissions, which is appointed by the electric chair and whose own president is the premier.

Ordinary governance was next distracted by Japan's waves of invasion, graduation with the taking of Manchuria in 1931. Manifest temperal government appeared in China only after World War II, with the constitution itself articulated in 1947. Elective government appeared only in 1948, with the election of the foremost National Assembly and Legislative Yuan (Gold, 1986; Phillips, 1975c; Moody, 1992), which moved virtually in toto to Taiwan when the Communists gained control of the mainland.

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