The come down limb of the Loop of Henle is relatively impermeable to solute scarcely very(prenominal) permeable to water, allowing water to move out by osmosis (Stewart, 1998). The shrink recrudesceing of the ascending Loop of Henle is impermeable to water but permeable to solute, especially sodium and chloride ions. As the ions move out, the content of the tubule become isotonic then hypotonic, and urea which was absorbed into the medullary interstitium from the collecting ducts diffuses into the tubule, keeping it within the interstitium of the medulla where it helps concentrate urine. The duncish section of the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle and the early section of the distal tubule atomic number 18 impermeable to water, but sodium and chloride ions are actively transported out of the tubule, making the fluid in the tubule hypotonic.
The vasa recta is part of the peritubular capillary system and enters the medulla where the concentration of solutes is the highest (Stewart, 1998). By distribute out of blood vessels order blood towards the cortex, and into blood vessels directing blood towards the medulla, solutes recirculate in the medulla and water bypasses it. The vasa recta concentrates the urine by counter current exchange, and without it, the concentration of solutes in the medulla would be lost. Water reabsorption is controlled by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus which rea
Stewart, P. (1998) Physiology of the kidney. Retrieved Dec. 1, 2005 from
The transport of ions and molecules into the urine is called tubular secretion (Applegate, 2000, 383). most of these substances are waste products from cellular metabolism which become deadly if they are allowed to accumulate in the body. Tubular secretion is excessively a method by which some drugs, such as penicillin, are excreted from the body.
Tubular secretion of henry plays a major role in regulating the pH of the blood, and other molecules and ions which are excreted by tubular secretion are creatinine, histamine and potassium.
ct to changes in osmotic pressure in the blood. If there is increased osmotic pressure in the blood, that means water is low, and the hypothalamus sends out ticker impulses which stimulate the posterior pituitary to produce antidiuretic hormone, which acts on the collecting ducts of the kidney to reabsorb more water. The reverse is true if osmotic pressure drops due to an excess of water in the blood.
almost 90 percent of the filtered bi vitamin Cate is reabsorbed by the cells of the proximal tubules, and the hydrogen is release as the tubular secretion of acid from carbonous acid with the bicarbonate. Carbonic anhydrase in proximal tubule cells catalyzes the reaction to carbon dioxide and water. The carbon dioxide diffuses into the cell and again forms carbonic acid in the presence of carbonic anhydrase. The carbonic acid ionizes to hydro
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